COM 303

2007 SYLLABUS

COM 303-01 Theory and Literature of Rhetoric
Fall 2007
9-10:15 TT GCC 202
Ed Lamoureux, Ph. D.
Associate Professor, Multimedia Program and Department of Communication
GCC 315
ell@bradley.edu
309-672-5878
Office:
Tues: 1
0:30-12; Thurs: 1:30-2:30 and by appointment

Return to Rhetorical Resources Main Page

Objectives

Text

Lecture Notes

Grades

Reading summaries

Questions of the day

Extra Credit

Term Paper

Special Procedures

Schedule

Supplementary Readings

Objectives
As a result of the course, students should (1) gain an appreciation for the rhetorical perspective (2) become familiar with major historical rhetorical personages (3) become familiar with major historical rhetorical epochs and their forces (4) become familiar with major rhetorical theories.

Text

James L. Golden, Goodwin F. Berquist, William E. Coleman, and J. Michael Sproul. The Rhetoric of Western Thought, 9th ed. (2007). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company.

ISBN: 0-7575-3838-X (paperback)

Lecture Notes

Lectures are available, on- line. You should study them, thoroughly, before coming to class. These will be further discussed in class.

Grades

Reading summaries (20) 350
Questions of the day (25) 350
Research Paper (first draft) 150
Research Paper (final) 150
Total points 1000 points
Final Grade Scale
1000-885: A 884-785: B 784-685: C 684-585: D <585: F

Reading summaries

35% of your course grade is based on written summaries of the text readings. Complete the summaries prior to class on the day due; they are due at or before the start of each class. Summaries pasted into email or Microsoft Word attachments are acceptable. Each summary should list the material covered by title and page numbers. Summaries will NOT be accepted after the start of class on the due day. Each summary should indicate the thesis of the reading and details about major points covered therein. Outlines are NOT acceptable. Summaries should run no longer than 5 pages (typed/word processed, 1 inch margins and top & bottom, double spaced, 12 point font).

Questions of the day

35% of your grade is based on answering questions drawn from the lecture notes assigned for the day’s class session. You must be present in class in order to answer/submit answers to questions of the day.

Extra Credit

You may earn up to 50 points (5 @ 10 points each) extra credit by completing a reading summary of passages listed in the supplementary reading list at the end of this document. Each summary must treat a separate topic/person/theory/reading (no repeats on the same person). Extra credit must be turned in, one per day, within one week of class treatment of the personage/concepts covered in the reading material.

Research Paper

30% of your grade is based on submission of a scholarly research paper on the topic "Contemporary Rapprochement--English, Philosophy, Speech/Communication approaches to rhetoric." 10 page term paper. First draft (worth 125) due on Nov.8; final paper Dec 6. Paper must be documented (MLA). Source credibility is crucial (beware of anonymous blogs or other materials without clearly identifiable and credible schoarly sources).


Special Procedures

  • Office Hours: Tues: 10:30-12; Thurs: 1:30-2:30, and by appointment
  • COM 303 has a BlackBoard site to which I will post grades and announcements.
  • We have a class e-mail alias
    <com30301-fa@bumail.bradley.edu>. Please check it daily (if you forward your mail out of it, be sure to empty the BU box regularly). I deduct 25 points (I'll notify you) from your score total each time--after the first (I'll warn you of this one)-- that I get bounced mail because your box is full or otherwise not functional.
  • I will answer questions, live or via phone or email about course content ANYTIME between the hours of 8am-9pm [CT] though our dinner time is usually between 5-7, during which I would prefer to be left alone. I will not answer questions about course mechanics (“what’s due in class in the morning?”) on, or the night before, due dates.
  • Please do not use tobacco products in class. I am distracted by their use and will insist that you leave if you persist.
  • Laptops may be used in class only to take or display notes. No email, web browsing, or chat.
  • All students are responsible to the same syllabus schedule, regardless of outside or BU- sponsored activities. I always accept materials early.
  • Our textbook provides extensive bibliographic resources. Use them.
  • Familiarize yourself with the Index to Journals in Comunication Studies Through 1995, edited by Ronald J. Matlon and Sylvia P. Ortiz. It is available in the reference section of the library and is a standard bibliographic source for research in communication studies through 1995. Familiarize yourself with using COMSERVE and its COMINDEX, available on CD ROM in the reference section of the library. That service provides bibliographic sources for materials since 1990 and for journals not indexed in Matlon & Ortiz.
  • Always locate and study printed/published scholarly sources prior to supplementary web-based material—although the web links I provide on Rhetorical Resources feature lots of great stuff. You may well locate online versions of printed/published material. Again, source credibility is crucial.
  • Students with certified learning disabilities: Make arrangements with me, immediately.
  • Plagiarism will not be tolerated. Do not borrow from, or share materials with, others. Do your own work. Cite sources fully and accurately. Otherwise, failure and referral to university authorities loom.
  • Study the readings for understanding so that you can discuss them in detail. Otherwise, class will be boring hard and you won't be able to keep up.
  • Re-write your summaries and papers whenever possible. Avoid turning in early drafts. Your work should be the result of extensive writing, re-writing, checking, and re-checking. I grade for writing too.
  • Copy and back-up your computer work every 10 minutes or so. Do NOT depend on one storage location/modality. "My computer ate it" will NOT suffice for excuse.
  • Policy regarding e-mail communication about grades:
    As a matter of the Communication Department policy to protect student privacy and in accordance with the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act, questions and concerns regarding grades must be presented in person or in a written letter. Instructors will not respond to questions and concerns communicated through e-mail or telephone calls regarding grades.
  • Policy regarding student absence due to an illness:
    When missing classes and related assignments due to an illness, it is the student's responsibility to provide a document issued by a medical authority to verify the student's absence due to illness, unless the Office of the Associate Provost for Student Affairs informs an instructor of the basis for the student's absence. Instructors will not call the Health Center or any other source to verify the student's reason for absence.

    Schedule

    In-Class Schedule[with reading assignment]

    [I reserve the right to make modifications, with notice, throughout the term]

    Don’t forget to arrange for an absentee ballot for Nov. 4 if needed

    Remember: You will be quizzed over the online lecture notes the day the topic is listed on the syllabus.

    8/30 Welcome, orientation, and start of introductory lecture notes.

    9/4 "On the social origins of rhetoric and rhetorical systems" (Golden, 1-30; summary 1); Introduction to rhetorical theory

    9/6 "The world of Greece and Rome" (Golden, 31-52; summary 2); Pre-Socratic Sophists.

    9/11 Plato (Golden, 53-66; summary 3).

    9/13 Weaver (Golden, 267-282; summary 4).

    9/18 Aristotle (Golden, 67-81; summary 5).

    9/20 Perelman (Golden, 323-346; summary 6).

    9/25 Summary and catch up: Classical Greek Rhetoric (nothing due though in-class quiz will be held).

    9/27 Education of the Citizen-Orator: Isocrates (Golden, 83-85), no summary due; in class quiz over Isocrates pt. 1 and 2 online notes).

    10/2 Rhetoric in Rome (Golden, 85-97; summary 7) in class quiz over Cicero and Quintilian online notes).

    10/4 Toulmin (Golden, 295-321; summary 8).

  • Fall break Oct. 6-9

    10/11 Christianization of Rhetoric & St. Augustine (Golden, 99-117; summary 9).

    10/16 Renaissance & Ramus (Golden, 105-117, summary 10)

    10/18 Brittish/Continental Theory and Enlightenment Rhetoric (Golden, 119-145; summary 11)

    10/23 Epistemologists & New Science(Golden, 147-167; summary 12).

    10/25 Kenneth Burke, pt 1. (Golden, 247-265; summary 13), in class quiz, Burke pt. 1 & 2)

  • 10/24: Midterm grades due at registrar.

    10/30 Kenneth Burke, pt. 2, in class quiz, Burke pt. 1 & 2

    11/1 Campbell and Whatley (Read Golden read and summarize Golden, 169-187; summary 14)

    11/4 Vote

    11/6 McCluhan and I. A. Richards (Golden, 235-246; 379-386; summary 14)

    11/8 Michel Foucault (Golden, 387-402; summary 15)

    11/13 Contemporary Feminist Rhetoric (Golden, 4463-474; summary 16)
    Paper draft 1 due

    11/15 African American Rhetoric (Golden, 443-462; summary 17)

    11/20 Eastern/Asian Rhetoric (Golden, 477-498; summary 18).

  • last day to drop classes 11/21

  • Thanksgiving break 11/21-25

    11/27 Meetings over paper draft, by times, in office during class.

    11/29 Narration and Fantasies (Fisher & Bormann from online notes only; summary 19)

    12/4 Digital Rhetoric (Golden, 499-508, summary 20)

    12/6 Post Modern Rhetorical Theory (Golden, 509-516 and McGee in online notes; summary 21)

    12/7 Final papers due

    12/11


    Friday December 14, 12-2pm: final exam period. Must attend and pick up paper or receive “0” on final paper.

Supplementary Readings

  • Jaeger, Paideia v.1, 286-331. (sophists) (DF 77 .J274)
  • Kennedy, Art of Persuasion, p. 26-70 (sophists) (PA 3265. K4)
  • Smith, "The Father of Debate: Protagoras of Abdera," QJS March, 1918.
  • _____, "Corax and Probability" QJS, Feb. 1921.
  • _____, "Gorgias: a study of oratorical style" QJS, Nov. 1921.
  • (I have hard copies of these three articles. Library has microfilm).
  • Jaeger,Paideia,v.2,126-160(Plato)(PN 183 G6 1989)
  • Jaeger, Paideia, v.3, 182-196 (Plato)
  • Rhetorica Ad Herennium: Books I & II, III or IV. (PA 6156 R4 1964)
  • St.Augustine, On Christian Doctrine,Book 2(linguistics)(BR 65 .A655 E5)
  • Longinus, On the Sublime, ch. 1-15 (PA 4229 .L5 E5 1985
  • Wilson, John F. and Carroll C. Arnold (1983). Rhetorical theory: A heritage. In John F. Wilson and Carrol C. Arnold, Public speaking as a liberal art, 5th edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, pp. 306-339.
  • Cushman, Donald P. & Phillip K. Tompkins (1980). A theory of rhetoric for contemporary society. Philosophy and Rhetoric 13: 43-67.
  • McGee, Michael Calvin (1982). A materialist's conception of rhetoric. In Ray E. McKerrow (Ed), Explorations in rhetoric: Studies in honor of Douglas Ehninger. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, pp. 23-48.
  • Bazerman, Charles. from Enos & Brown (eds) DEFINING THE NEW RHETORICS. Chapter 1: A contention over the term RHETORIC.
  • Booth, Wayne C. THE VOCATION OF A TEACHER: RHETORICAL OCCASIONS. Chapter 6: To those who do not teach English, but who belive that something called `English' should be taught: Mere rhetoric, rhetorology, and the search for a common learning.
  • Clark, Donald L. RHETORIC IN GRECO-ROMAN EDUCATION. Chapter 2: What the ancients meant by rhetoric; Epilog 262-266.
  • Corbett, Edward P.J. CLASSICAL RHETORIC FOR THE MODERN STUDENT 3rd ed). Chapter 1: Introduction.
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapter 1, pages 13-26.
  • Hauser, Gerald. INTRODUCTION TO RHETORICAL THEORY. Chapters 1: The eventfulness of rhetoric; 2: Rhetorical thinking.
  • Ijsseling, Samuel. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT. Chapter I: The Rehabilitation of rhetoric.
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT: General Introduction, 1-15; Gorgias, 38-42.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION. p. 1-7.
  • Enos, Richard Leo. GREEK RHETORIC BEFORE ARISTOTLE. Chapters 1: Emerging notions of rhetoric: Homer, Hesiod, and the rhapsodes; 2: The evolution of logography in Hellenic discourse; 3: The birth of Hellenic rhetoric and the growth of the Sicilian sophistic; 4: Significant contributors to Sicilian Rhetoric.
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapter 1, pages 1-12.
  • Gill, Ann. RHETORIC AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. Chapter Three: Rhetoric.
  • Golden, J., Berquist, G., and W. Coleman. THE RHETORIC OF WESTERN THOUGHT (1st ed). Chapter 2: The world of Greece and Rome.
  • Murphy, James J (ed.) SYNOPTIC HISTORY OF CLASSICAL RHETORIC.Chapter 1: The Origins and Early Development of Rhetoric (p. 3-19).
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT p. 19-28; Isocrates, 43-54; Plato, 55-142.
  • Clark, Donald L. RHETORIC IN GRECO-ROMAN EDUCATION. Chapter 3 The Schools.
  • Clark, Norman. "The Critical Servant : An Isocratean Contribution to Critical Rhetoric. QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF SPEECH, 82, #2, May 1996: 111-124.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION 8-13.
  • Enos, Richard Leo. GREEK RHETORIC BEFORE ARISTOTLE. Chapter V: The platonic rejection of sophistic rhetoric and its Hellenic reception.
  • Ijsseling, Samuel. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT. Chapters II: Plato and the sophists; III: Isocrates and the power of logos.
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Aristotle, 144-194;
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION, p. 13-28.
  • Welch, Kathleen. Ch. 2: "An Isocratic Literacy Theory: An Alternative Rhetoric of Oral/Aural Articulation." In ELECTRIC RHETORIC.
  • Samuel Ijsseling. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT. Chapter IV: The history and system of Greek rhetoric
  • Murphy, James J (ed.) SYNOPTIC HISTORY OF CLASSICAL RHETORIC. Chapter 2: Aristotle (Forbes I. Hill), p 19-76.
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Cicero, 195-250; Quintilian, 293-363; Medieval Rhetoric, Introduction 367- 380; Augustine 381-422.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION, Chapter 3 Late Classical and Medieval Greek Rhetorics and 4 Rhetoric in the Latin Middle Ages.
  • Ijsseling, Samuel. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT. Chapters 5: Rhetoric and Philosophy in Rome, 6: Augustine and Rhetoric, and 7: The Liberal arts and education in the Middle Ages.
  • Murphy, James J (ed.) SYNOPTIC HISTORY OF CLASSICAL RHETORIC. Chapters 3: The age of codification: Hermagoras andthe pseudo-Ciceronian (James J. Murphy) p. 77-89), 4: Cicero's Rhetorical Theory (Donovan Ochs), p. 90-150; 5: Quintilian and the INSTITUTIO ORATORIA (Prentice A. Meador, Jr) p. 151-176; 6: The end of the ancient world: The second sophistic and Saint Augustine (James J. Murphy) p. 177-184.
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Part 3, Renaissance Rhetoric, Introduction, 463-482. Ramus, 557-583; Wilson, 584-621; Vico, 711-727.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION, Chapter 5 Rhetoric and Renaissance Humanism.
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapter 6: Ernesto Grassi.
  • Ijsseling, Samuel. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT. Chapter 8: The Italian Humanists
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Bacon, 622-634. Enlightenment rhetoric introduction, 637-669; Campbell, 746- 795; Blair, 796-827; Whately, 828-858.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION, Chapters 6 (Eighteenth Century Rhetorics), 7 (Rhetoric in the Ninteenth Century), 8 (Rhetoric in the Nineteenth Century).
  • Ijsseling, Samuel. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT. Chapters 9 (Francis Bacon, Rene Descartes and the New Science) 10 ( Pascal and the art of persuasion), 11 (Sacred Eloquence), 11 (Kant and the enlightenment).
  • Arthur E. Walzer, "Campbell on the Passons: A ReReading of the Philosophy of Rhetoric, QJS, 85 (1) 1999, 72-85.
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Nietzsche, 885-896; Twentieth Century Rhetoric, Introduction, 897-923; Bakhtin, 924-963.
  • Ijsseling, Samuel. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT. Chapters XIII (Marx, Nietzsche and Freud), XIV (Nietzsche and Philosophy).
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. ELOQUENCE IN AN ELECTRONIC AGE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL SPEECHMAKING. Chapters 1 (Educating the Eloquent Speaker) and 2 (Incapacitating the Eloquent Speaker).
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. I. A. Richards, 964- 988; Weaver, 1042-1065.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION, Richards, 260-267; Weaver, 277-284.
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapters 2 (I.A. Richards) and 3 (Richard M. Weaver).
  • Ijsseling, Samuel. RHETORIC AND PHILOSOPHY IN CONFLICT. Chapters XV (Philosophy and metaphor) and XVI (Who is actually speaking whenever something is said?)
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. ELOQUENCE IN AN ELECTRONIC AGE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL SPEECHMAKING. Chapter 3 (The flame of oratory, the Fireside Chat.
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Kenneth Burke, 989- 1041.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION, Chapter 9: Burke, 268-276.
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapter 7 (Burke).
  • Hawhee, Debra. "Burke and Nietzche" QJS 85 (1999) 129-145.
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. ELOQUENCE IN AN ELECTRONIC AGE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL SPEECHMAKING. Chapter 4 (The "effeminate" style).
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Chaim Perelman, 1066-1103.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION, Chapter 10: Perelman, 296-299; 307-310 (Outline of THE NEW RHETORIC)
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapter 5 (Perelman).
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. ELOQUENCE IN AN ELECTRONIC AGE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL SPEECHMAKING. Chapter 5 (The memorable phrase, the memorable picture.
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Stephen Toulmin, 1104-1125.
  • Conley, Thomas M. RHETORIC IN THE EUROPEAN TRADITION, Chapter 10: Toulmin, 291-296.
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapter 4 (Stephen Toulmin).
  • Gill, Ann. RHETORIC AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. Chapter Nine: The rational paradigm.
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Michel Foucault, 1126-1164.
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapter 8 (Foucault).
  • Gill, Ann. RHETORIC AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. Chapter Ten: Structuralism, then Michel Foucault, 173-185.
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. ELOQUENCE IN AN ELECTRONIC AGE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL SPEECHMAKING. Chapter 7 Conversation and self-revelation).
  • Bitzer, Lloyd. The Rhetorical Situation. PHILOSOPHY & RHETORIC Vol. 1, No. 1. (stacks or copy my copy)
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. Chapter 11 An unending conversation 324-340.
  • Gill, Ann. RHETORIC AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. Chapter Eleven: Postmodernism.
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. ELOQUENCE IN AN ELECTRONIC AGE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL SPEECHMAKING. Chapter 6 (Dramatizing and Story Telling).
  • Bizzell, P. & Herzberg, B. THE RHETORICAL TRADITION: READINGS FROM CLASSICAL TIMES TO THE PRESENT. Gates, 1185-1223; Cixous, 1224-1250; Kristeva, 1251-
  • Foss, S., Foss, K, and R. Trapp. CONTEMPORARY PERSPECTIVES ON RHETORIC. 10 (Challenges to the Rhetorical Tradition).
  • Gill, Ann. RHETORIC AND HUMAN UNDERSTANDING. Chapter Twelve Voice.
  • Jamieson, Kathleen Hall. ELOQUENCE IN AN ELECTRONIC AGE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF POLITICAL SPEECHMAKING. Chapters 8 (The divorce between speech and thought) and 9 (Mating the best of the old and new).
  • Combs, Steven C.(2000) Sunzi and the Art of War: The Rhetoric of Parsimony. Quarterly Journal of Speech 86 (3): 276-294.
  • Frank, David A. and Michelle Bolduc. "Chaïm Perelman's "First Philosophies and Regressive Philosophy." Commentary and Translation" Philosophy and Rhetoric (Forthcoming 2003).
  • Frank, David A."The Mutability of Rhetoric: Hadair Shafi's Madrid Speech and Vision of Palestinian-Israeli Rapprochement." Quarterly Journal of Speech 86 (2000): 334-353.
  • Frank, David A. "The New Rhetoric, Judaism, and Post-Enlightenment Thought: The Cultural Origins of Perelmanian Philosophy" Quarterly Journal of Speech 83 (1997): 332-350.
  • Frank, David A. "My Enemy's Enemy is My Friend: Palestinian Rhetoric and the Gulf Crisis" Communication Studies 44 (1995): 309-324.
  • Xing Lu and David A. Frank. "On the Study of Ancient Chinese Rhetoric" Western Journal of Communication 54 (1993): 445-463.
  • Frank, David A."Shalom Aschav- Rituals of the Israeli Peace Movement," Communication Monographs 48 (1981): 165-181.